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Exam 102 Study Guide Part 2 of this book contains a section for each of the nine Topics found on Exam 102 for LPIC Level 1 certification. Each of the following nine sections detail the Objectives described for the corresponding Topic on the LPI web site, http:// www.lpi.org/p-obj-102.html. Exam Preparation LPI Exam 102 is thorough, but if you have a solid foundation in Linux concepts as described here, you should find it straightforward. If you ve already taken Exam 101, you ll find that 102 contains 20 percent more questions and covers a broader range of Linux administration skills. Included are basics such as PC architecture and Linux installation, and more advanced topics such as GUI (X Windows), customization, and networking. Exam 102 is quite specific on some Topics, such as package managers. However, you won t come across questions intended to trick you, and you re unlikely to find questions that you feel are ambiguous. For clarity, this material is presented in the same order as the LPI Topics and Objectives. It may be helpful to devise a sequence of study in some areas. For example, working on Networking Fundamentals (Topic 1.12) prior to Networking Services (Topic 1.13) may be helpful. However, other Topics stand alone, and you may choose to study the Topics in any order. To assist you with your preparation, Table 2-2 through Table 2-10 provide a complete listing of the Topics and Objectives for Exam 102. After you complete your study of each Objective, simply check it off here to measure and organize your progress. 254
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The exam also includes a few multiple-choice multiple-answer questions, which are answered using checkboxes. These questions can have multiple correct responses, each of which must be checked. These are probably the most difficult type of question to answer because the possibility of multiple answers increases the likelihood of mistakes. An incorrect response on any one of the possible answers causes you to miss the entire question. The exam also has some fill-in-the-blank questions. These questions provide a one-line text area input box for you to fill in your answer. These questions check your knowledge of concepts such as important files, commands, or well-known facts that you are expected to know. Exam 102 Overview 253 Study Guide102
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Table 2-1: LPI Topics for Exam 102 Name Number of Objectives Description Hardware and Architecture (Topic 1.1) 3 Covers PC architecture issues, such as IRQs, I/O addresses, SCSI BIOS, NICs, modems, and sound cards. Linux Installation and Package Management(Topic 2.2) 6 Covers hard disk layout, LILO, making and installing programs from source, managing shared libraries, and using Red Hat and Debian packages. Kernel (Topic 1.5) 2 Covers kernel module management, as well as building and installing a custom kernel. Text-Editing, Processing, and Printing (Topic 1.7) 4 Covers vi and printer management. Shells, Scripting, Programming, and Compiling (Topic 1.9) 2 Covers the shell and its startup files and writing bash scripts. Despite the name, compiling programs from source is not included (it s covered in Topic 2.2). X (Topic 2.10) 4 Includes an overview of XFree86, using XDM, and customizing a window manager. Networking Fundamentals (Topic 1.12) 3 Explores TCP/IP, network interfaces, DHCP, and PPP and includes troubleshooting commands. Networking Services (Topic 1.13) 5 Covers inetd and basic sendmail, Apache, NFS, Samba, and DNS configuration. Security (Topic 1.14) 3 Covers security issues such as package verification, SUID issues, shadow passwords, and user limits. As you can see from Table 2-1, the Topic numbers assigned by the LPI are not sequential, due to various modifications made by the LPI to their exam program as it developed. In particular, in Exam 102 two last-minute Objectives covering Red Hat and Debian package management were added to Topic 2.2. Regardless, the Topic numbers serve only as a reference and are not used on the exam. Exam 102 lasts a maximum of 90 minutes and contains approximately 72 questions. The exam is administered using a custom application on a PC in a private room with no notes or other reference material. About 90 percent of the exam is made up of multiple-choice single-answer questions. These multiple-choice questions have only one correct answer, which are answered using radio buttons. A few of the questions present a scenario needing administrative action. Others seek the appropriate commands for performing a particular task or for proof of understanding of a particular concept. 252 Exam 102 Overview
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Exam 102 Overview LPI Exam 102 is the second of two exams required for the LPI s Level 1 certification. This exam tests your knowledge on 9 of the 14 major Topic areas specified for LPIC Level 1. Exam Topics are numbered using a level.topic notation (i.e., 1.1, 2.2, etc.). In the LPI s early stages of development, Topics were assigned to exams based on a different scheme than we see today. When the scheme changed, the Topics were redistributed to Exams 101 and 102, but the pairing of Topic numbers to exams was dropped. As a result, we have 1.x and 2.x Topics in both Level 1 Exams. The Level 1 Topics are distributed between the two exams to create tests of similar length and difficulty without subject matter overlap. As a result, there s no requirement or advantage to taking the exams in sequence. Each Topic contains a series of Objectives covering specific areas of expertise. Each of these Objectives is assigned a numeric weight, which acts as an indicator of the importance of the Objective. Weights run between 1 and 10, with higher numbers indicating more importance. An Objective carrying a weight of 1 can be considered relatively unimportant and isn t likely to be covered in much depth on the exam. Objectives with larger weights are sure to be covered on the exam, so you should study these topics closely. The weights of the Objectives are provided at the beginning of each Topic section. The Topics for Exam 102 are listed in Table 2-1. Study Guide102 251
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PART 2 General Linux Exam 102 Part 2 covers the Topics and Objectives for the LPI s General Linux Certification for Exam 102 and includes the following sections: Exam 102 Overview Exam 102 Study Guide Hardware and Architecture Linux Installation and Package Management Kernel Text Editing, Processing, and Printing Shells, Scripting, Programming, and Compiling X Networking Fundamentals Networking Services Security Exam 102 Review Questions and Exercises Exam 102 Practice Test Exam 102 Highlighter s Index
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Asterisks in any of the time fields match all possible values. In addition to personal crontab files, the system has its own crontab files: /etc/ crontab as well as files in /etc/cron.d. Using at The at facility, shown here, is for setting up one-time future command execution: at time Enter an interactive session with at, where commands may be entered. time is of the form hh:mm, midnight, noon, and so on. User access Access to cron can be controlled using lists of users in cron.allow and cron.deny. Access to at can be controlled using lists of users in at.allow and at.deny. Objective 5: Maintain an Effective Data Backup Strategy System backup provides protection against disk failures, accidental file deletion, accidental file corruption, and disasters. System backup provides access to historical data. Full backups save all files. Differential backups save files modified or created since the last full backup. Incremental backups save files modified or created since the last full or incremental backup. A full backup will be coupled with either differential or incremental backups, but not both. Backup media are rotated to assure high-quality backups. Backup media must be verified to assure data integrity. Backup is often performed using tar and mt, as follows: tar files Archive or restore files recursively, to tape or to a tarfile. mt operation Control a tape drive, including skipping over multiple archives on tape, rewinding, and ejecting. operations include fsf, bsf, rewinde, and offline (see the manpage for a complete list). Backup should include everything necessary to restore a system to operation in the event of a disaster. Examples include /etc, /home, /var/log, and /var/ spool, though individual requirements vary. 248 Exam 101 Highlighter s Index
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level Specifies a severity threshold beyond which messages are logged and is one of (from lowest to highest severity) debug, info, notice, warning, err, crit, alert, or emerg. The special level none disables a facility. action The destination for messages that correspond to a given selector. It can be a filename, @hostname, a comma-separated list of users, or an asterisk, meaning all logged-in users. Together, facility.levels comprise the message selector. Most syslog messages go to /var/log/messages. Log file rotation Most system log files are rotated to expire old information and prevent disks from filling. logrotate accomplishes log rotation and is configured using /etc/logrotate.conf. Examining log files Files in /var/log (such as messages) and elsewhere can be examined using utilities such as tail, less, and grep. Information in syslog log files includes date, time, origin hostname, message sender, and descriptive text. To debug problems using log file information, first look at the hostname and sender, then at the message text. Objective 4: Automate System Administration Tasks by Scheduling Jobs to Run in the Future Both cron and at can be used to schedule jobs in the future. Scheduled jobs can be any executable program or script. Using cron The cron facility consists of crond, the cron daemon, and crontab files containing job-scheduling information. cron is intended for the execution of commands on a periodic basis. crond examines all crontab files every minute. Each system user has access to cron through a personal crontab file. The crontab command, shown here, allows the crontab file to be edited and viewed: crontab View, or with e, edit crontab files. Entries in the crontab file are in the form of: minute hour day month dayofweek command Highlighter sIndex 101 Administrative Tasks (Topic 2.11) 247
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pwconv Convert a standard password file to a shadow configuration. pwunconv Revert from a shadow password configuration. grpconv Convert a standard group file to a shadow configuration. grpunconv Revert from a shadow group configuration. chage user Modify password aging and expiration settings for user. Objective 2: Tune the User Environment and System Environment Variables Configuration scripts The bash shell uses system-wide configuration scripts such as /etc/profile and /etc/bashrc when it starts. Commands in /etc/profile are executed at login time. Commands in /etc/bashrc are executed for each invocation of bash. Changes to these system-wide files affect all users on the system. New account home directories New user directories are populated automatically by copying /etc/skel and its contents. The system administrator may add, modify, and delete files in /etc/skel as needed for the local environment. Objective 3: Configure and Use System Log Files to Meet Administrative and Security Needs Syslog The syslog system displays and records messages describing system events. Messages can be placed on the console, in log files, and on the text screens of users. syslog is configured by /etc/syslog.conf in the form facility.level action: facility The creator of the message, selected from among auth, authpriv, cron, daemon, kern, lpr, mail, mark, news, syslog, user,or local0 through local7. 246 Exam 101 Highlighter s Index
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Administrative Tasks (Topic 2.11) Objective 1: Manage Users and Group Accounts and Related System Files passwd and group User account information is stored in /etc/passwd. Each line in /etc/passwd contains a username, password, UID, GID, user s name, home directory, and default shell. Group information is stored in /etc/group. Each line in /etc/group contains a group name, group password, GID, and group member list. passwd and group are world-readable. Shadow files To prevent users from obtaining encrypted passwords from passwd and group, shadow files are implemented. Encrypted passwords are moved to a new file, which is readable only by root. The shadow file for /etc/passwd is /etc/shadow. The shadow file for /etc/group is /etc/gshadow. User and group management commands The following commands are commonly used for manual user and group management: useradd user Create the account user. usermod user Modify the user account. userdel user Delete the user account. groupadd group Add group. groupmod group Modify the parameters of group. groupdel group Delete group. passwd username Interactively set the password for username. gpasswd groupname Interactively set the password for groupname. Highlighter sIndex 101 Administrative Tasks (Topic 2.11) 245
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The info facility The Free Software Foundation provides the info documentation format. GNU software comes with info documentation. The documentation is viewed with the info command, which displays a full- screen editor-like paging system. Common info commands are listed in Table 1-35. Table 1-35: Common info Commands info Command Tab Enter d ? pand n u q h /string /pattern Description Move among hypertext links. Follow hypertext links. Return to the top (directory node) of the menu. List all info commands. Move to previous and next pages, respectively. Move up one level in the Texinfo hierarchy. Terminate the system. Give a primer for first-time users. Enter a string. Search forward for pattern, which can be a regular expression. Objective 2: Find Linux Documentation on the Internet Linux Documentation Project A loosely knit team of writers, proofreaders, and editors who work together to create the definitive set of documentation for Linux. The Linux Documentation Project can be found online at http://www.linuxdoc.org. The LDP has a wide range of documents, from complete books to personal accounts of problem-solving techniques. Other sources Many Usenet newsgroups, such as comp.os.linux, comp.os.linux.advocacy, comp.os.linux.development, and others, are dedicated to Linux. Mailing lists offered by many Linux groups serve to keep members informed through email distribution of information. Objective 3: Write System Documentation System manpages are an excellent place to create local documentation. Raw man files are usually processed using nroff for display purposes. You can use this format or simply create a text file and store it in the appropriate cat directory. Local manpages will probably go in /usr/local/man. 244 Exam 101 Highlighter s Index
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