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The first step in deploying a precompiled XFree86 binary is to get the configuration program, Xinstall.sh.* Using the check option, this utility can determine which precompiled binary distribution is right for your system: # ./Xinstall.sh -check Checking which OS you’re running… uname reports ‘Linux’ version ‘2.2.5-15smp’, architecture ‘i686′. Object format is ‘ELF’. libc version is ‘6.1′. Binary distribution name is ‘Linux-ix86-glibc21′ The last line directs us to the appropriate binary distribution, which in this case is Linux-ix86-glibc21 (your results will differ). Next we need to get the files for that distribution. Some, such as fonts and extra programs, are optional. Details on exactly which files to get are available in the Install document, which may be retrieved along with Xinstall.sh. The files listed in Table 2-17 are mandatory for use with v4.0.1. Table 2-17: Files Necessary for Use with XFree86 v4.0.1 Filename Xinstall.sh The installer script extract The utility for extracting tarballs Xbin.tgz X clients/utilities and runtime libraries Xlib.tgz Some data files required at runtime Xman.tgz Manual pages Xdoc.tgz XFree86 documentation Xfnts.tgz Base set of fonts Xfenc.tgz Base set of font-encoding data Xetc.tgz Runtime configuration files Xvar.tgz Runtime data Xxserv.tgz XFree86 X server Xmod.tgz XFree86 X server modules Description Study Guide102 After you have retrieved these files, simply run Xinstall.sh as root to begin installation as described in the Install document. Configuring an X server and the XF86Config file XFree86 configuration differs slightly among versions and among Linux distributions, but essentially involves the creation of the XF86Config file customized for your system. The X server uses this configuration file as it starts to set such things as keyboard and mouse selections, installed fonts, and screen resolutions. * It s important to use binary-mode FTP to get this program. Browsers may not transfer the program correctly. Install and Configure XFree86 371
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Installing XFree86 from packages The procedures for installation vary depending on the release of X you re using. For example, with versions prior to 4.0, a specific X server is required to match your chipset in order to use modes other than standard VGA. For versions after 4.0, a newer modular design allows a single server program to manage all supported chipsets by calling driver modules. In addition, the type of XFree86 distribution you re using affects installation. XFree86 is available as source code, in precompiled binary form, or as an RPM or Debian package. (Because of the precompiled and package options, there s little reason to compile from scratch.) If you re going to use a version of XFree86 that came with a Linux distribution, simply use the package installation tools from your distribution with the XFree86 packages. For example, on a Red Hat 6.0 system with XFree86 v3.3.3.1, the following components of XFree86 were installed by the RPM package:* XFree86-SVGA-3.3.3.1-49 X11R6-contrib-3.3.2-6 Xconfigurator-4.2.3-1 XFree86-3.3.3.1-49 XFree86-75dpi-fonts-3.3.3.1-49 XFree86-libs-3.3.3.1-49 XFree86-xfs-3.3.3.1-49 XFree86-XF86Setup-3.3.3.1-49 The first item in this list is the SVGA X server (XFree86-SVGA-3.3.3.1-49), which supports a number of video chipsets (other server programs, packaged separately, may be needed to support other video chipsets). The XFree86 package (XFree863.3.3.1-49 in the list) is the core of XFree86. The other items are either required or recommended packages. Such recommendations can come from the installation program or from notes accompanying the package. For example, the XFree86 package indicates that: In addition to installing the [XFree86] package, you will need to install the XFree86 package [that] corresponds to your video card, the X11R6-contrib package, the Xconfigurator package, and the XFree86-libs package. You may also need to install one of the XFree86 fonts [sic] packages. Using a packaged installation targeted for your particular Linux distribution will probably be the simplest method. Installing XFree86 from precompiled binaries You may wish to try a version of XFree86 that is more recent than available packaged versions. In this case, you may wish to install a precompiled binary from the XFree86 project. To get the files needed to install the latest version, consult the XFree86 web site or one of the many mirror sites listed there. * In this example, all of the package names are followed by a version number. Here, XFree86 v3.3.3.1 is installed. 370 X (Topic 2.10)
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Selecting and Configuring an X Server The XFree86 project provides support for an amazing array of graphics hardware. This outcome is possible partly due to cooperation by manufacturers through public release of graphics device documentation and driver software, and partly due to the tenacity of the XFree86 developers. Fortunately, many manufacturers who were historically uninterested in offering technical information to the XFree86 project have become cooperative. The result is that most recent video hardware is well-supported by XFree86. Supported video hardware To avoid problems, it is important to verify XFree86 compatibility with your hardware prior to installation. At the very least, you should be aware of these items: Your XFree86 version As with any software, improvements in XFree86 are made over time, particularly in support for hardware devices. You should choose a version of XFree86 that offers a good balance between the video support and stability you require. To determine the version of X you re running, simply issue the following command: $ /usr/X11R6/bin/X -version XFree86 Version 4.0.1a / X Window System The video chipset XFree86 video drivers are written for graphics chipsets, not the video cards they re installed on. Multiple video cards from a variety of manufacturers can carry the same chipset, making those cards nearly identical in function. You must verify that the chipset on your video card is supported by XFree86 to use advanced graphics features. Monitor type XFree86 can be configured to handle just about any monitor, particularly the newer and very flexible multisync monitors sold today, which can handle preset configurations provided in the XFree86 configuration utilities. However, if you have a nonstandard monitor, you need to know some parameters describing its capabilities before configuring X, including your monitor s horizontal sync frequency (in kHz), vertical refresh frequency (in Hz), and resolution (in pixels). These items can usually be found in your monitor s documentation, but since most monitors conform to standard display settings such as XGA (1024 768 pixels at 60 Hz vertical refresh), you should be able to use a preset configuration. As an example of these considerations, suppose you re using a Number Nine video chipset in your system.* If you examine the chipset support information included with XFree86 Version 3.3.6, you ll find that the I128 driver handles your chipset. However, XFree86 Version 4.0.1 does not, so v4.0.1 is not a viable choice. Your chipset must be supported by the version of XFree86 you re installing. Check the XFree86 release notes for specific information on supported chipsets. * Number Nine was the manufacturer of some popular PC video hardware. The company is now out of business. Study Guide102 Install and Configure XFree86 369
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handled separately from display rendering. While X servers manage hardware, they do not define the look of the display and they offer no utilities to manipulate clients. The X server is responsible for rendering various shapes and colors on screen. Examples of X Servers include: Software from XFree86, which controls your Linux PC s video card. XFree86 software on a separate networked system, displaying output from a program running on your system. Other networked Unix systems running their own X server software. X implementations for other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows. An X Terminal, which is a hardware device with no computational ability of its own, built solely for display purposes. X clients are user programs, such as spreadsheets or CAD tools, which display graphical output. Examples of X clients are: A browser, such as Netscape Navigator. A mail program, such as Evolution or Kmail. Office applications, such as StarOffice, Gnumeric, or AbiWord. A terminal emulator, such as xterm, running within an X window. A special client program called a window manager is responsible for these functions and provides windows, window sizing, open and close buttons, and so forth. The window manager controls the other clients running under an X server. Multiple window managers are available for XFree86, allowing you to choose an interface style that suits your needs and personal taste. A few complete graphical desktop environments are also available. These packages can include a window manager and additional applications that work together to create a complete, unified working environment. Most Linux distributions ship with either the KDE or GNOME, or both, along with a number of standalone window managers. There is no standard window manager or environment for Linux the selection is entirely up to the user. Objective 1: Install and Configure XFree86 Most Linux distributions install and automatically configure XFree86, freeing users from much of its installation and configuration. However, Exam 102 requires specific knowledge of some of the underpinnings of X configuration. WARNING Be careful about installing an X server on a system that already has X installed. A backup should be made prior to the installation. 368 X (Topic 2.10)
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X (Topic 2.10) Unix has a long history of utility that predates the popular demand for a graphical user interface (GUI). However, a GUI is an essential part of running small systems today, and the standard GUI on Linux systems is the X Window System, or more simply, X. Originally developed at MIT and Digital Equipment Corporation, X s current release is Version 11 Release 6. This version is more commonly referred to as X11R6, or just X11. X is a complete windowing GUI and is distributable under license without cost. The implementation of X for Linux is XFree86 (http:// www.xfree.org), which is available for multiple computer architectures and is released under the GNU Public License. This section covers these four Objectives on XFree86 for LPI Exam 102: Objective 1: Install and Configure XFree86 Most distributions install XFree86 when Linux is installed, but a number of the configuration details are important for Exam 102. This Objective covers X servers, fonts, and automated XFree86 configuration tools. Weight: 4. Objective 2: Set Up xdm This Objective covers the X display manager, a graphical login system. Weight: 1. Objective 3: Identify and Terminate Runaway X Applications Sometimes an X application becomes unresponsive or fails to terminate normally. This Objective mentions methods to cope with these situations. Weight: 1 Objective 4: Install and Customize a Window Manager Environment This Objective covers the selection and customization of X window managers, including menus, X terminals, X library issues, and a number of control files. Weight: 4. Study Guide102 An Overview of X X is implemented using a client/server model. X servers and clients can be located on the same computer or separated across a network, so that computation is 367
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Example 2-11: Sample sendmail Startup Script (continued) stop) # Stop daemons. echo -n “Shutting down sendmail: ” killproc sendmail echo rm -f /var/lock/subsys/sendmail ;; restart) $0 stop $0 start ;; status) status sendmail ;; *) echo “Usage: sendmail {start|stop|restart|status}” exit 1 esac exit 0 On the Exam You should be familiar with a script s general structure, as well as the use of she-bang, test, if statements and their syntax (including the trailing fi), return values, exit values, and so on. 366 Shells, Scripting, Programming, and Compiling (Topic 1.9)
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Example 2-11: Sample sendmail Startup Script #!/bin/sh # # sendmail This shell script takes care of starting # and stopping sendmail. # # chkconfig: 2345 80 30 # description: Sendmail is a Mail Transport Agent, which # is the program that moves mail from one # machine to another. # processname: sendmail # config: /etc/sendmail.cf # pidfile: /var/run/sendmail.pid # Source function library. . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions # Source networking configuration. . /etc/sysconfig/network # Source sendmail configuration. if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/sendmail ] ; then . /etc/sysconfig/sendmail else DAEMON=yes QUEUE=1h fi # Check that networking is up. [ ${NETWORKING} = “no” ] && exit 0 [ -f /usr/sbin/sendmail ] || exit 0 # See how we were called. case “$1″ in start) # Start daemons. echo -n “Starting sendmail: ” /usr/bin/newaliases > /dev/null 2>&1 for i in virtusertable access domaintable mailertable ; do if [ -f /etc/mail/$i ] ; then makemap hash /etc/mail/$i < /etc/mail/$i fi done daemon /usr/sbin/sendmail $([ "$DAEMON" = yes ] && echo -bd) $([ -n "$QUEUE" ] && echo -q$QUEUE) echo touch /var/lock/subsys/sendmail ;; Study Guide102 Customize or Write Simple Scripts 365
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Example To determine if a file exists and is readable, use the r option: if test -r file then echo “file exists” fi Using the [ ] form instead, the same test looks like this: if [ -r file ] then echo “file exists” fi until Syntax until test-commands do commands done Description Execute test-commands (usually a test command) and if the exit status is nonzero (that is, the test fails), perform commands; repeat. Opposite of while. while Syntax while test-commands do commands done Description Execute test-commands (usually a test command) and if the exit status is zero, perform commands; repeat. Opposite of until. Example Example 2-11 shows a typical script from a Linux system. This example is /etc/rc.d/ init.d/sendmail, which is the script that starts and stops sendmail. This script demonstrates many of the built-in commands referenced in the last section. 364 Shells, Scripting, Programming, and Compiling (Topic 1.9)
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Description Read and execute lines in file. The file does not need to be executable but must be in a directory listed in PATH. The dot syntax is equivalent to stating source. test Syntax test expression [ expression ] Description Evaluate the conditional expression and return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false). The first form explicitly calls out the test command. The second form implies the test command. The spaces around expression are required in the second form. expression is constructed using options. Frequently used options d file True if file exists and is a directory e file True if file exists f file True if file exists and is a regular file L file True if file exists and is a symbolic link n string True if the length of string is nonzero r file True if file exists and is readable s file True if file exists and has a size greater than zero w file True if file exists and is writable x file True if file exists and is executable z string True if the length of string is zero file1 -ot file2 True if file1 is older than file2 string1 =string2 True if the strings are equal string1 !=string2 True if the strings are not equal Study Guide102 Customize or Write Simple Scripts 363
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Options l List the signal names. s signal or signal Specifies the signal number or name. read Syntax read [options] variable1 [variable2…] Description Read one line of standard input, and assign each word to the corresponding variable, with all remaining words assigned to the last variable. Example echo n “Enter last-name, age, height, and weight > ” read lastname everythingelse echo $lastname echo $everythingelese The name entered is placed in variable $lastname; all of the other values, including the spaces between them, are placed in $everythingelse. return Syntax return [n] Description This command is used inside a function definition to exit the function with status n. If n is omitted, the exit status of the previously executed command is returned. shift Syntax shift [n] Description Shift positional parameters down n elements. If n is omitted, the default is 1, so $2 becomes $1, $3 becomes $2, and so on. source Syntax source file [arguments] . file [arguments] 362 Shells, Scripting, Programming, and Compiling (Topic 1.9)
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